Source: The Independent
The brutal conflict, sparking UN warnings over ethnic cleansing, is driving a devastating famine that is threatening millions with starvation in the country.

A famine was declared in parts of South Sudan last month in the first such catastrophe the world has seen in six years.

More than 5.5 million people – almost half the population – will not have a reliable source of food by July in what the UN says is a worsening man-made crisis, driven by the conflict and worsened by government inaction.
The world's youngest nation has been mired in civil war since 2013, when President Salva Kiir fired his deputy Riek Machar, sparking a war that has increasingly split the country along ethnic lines.
Fighting, massacres, looting and village burning has killed tens of thousands, caused widespread hunger and forced three million people from their homes – pitting Kiir's Dinka ethnic group against Machar's Nuer.
A report presented to the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva on Tuesday concluded that both government forces and non-state groups were targeting civilian populations on the basis of their ethnic identity with killings, abductions, gang rape and sexual violence on an “epic” scale.
Joy, a 14-year-old girl, was eight months pregnant when she travelled 50 miles to safety over four days in scorching heat.
“We ran away because the war has turned up on us as civilians,” she said. 
“When they come, they come to slaughter you with a knife or a machete. We could not wait for that to happen.”
She left her mother and relatives in their home town, where there have since been reports of the entire population being massacred.
One woman who fled violence in the city of Yei told how she saw her best friend and her children, including three-month-old baby, butchered.
Joan, a village midwife who travelled with the teenager, recounted armed groups coming to rape young girls.
“Ten men can sleep with one woman, no problem if you die,” she added. “When you are a woman they rape you and kill you, we are much safer here.”
A UN survey found 70 per cent of women living in “protection of civilian camps” in the South Sudanese capital of Juba had been raped, the vast majority by police or soldiers, while a staggering 80 per cent had been forced to watch someone else being assaulted.
Thousands of refugees are pouring over the border every day into Uganda, where more than 500,000 people have arrived since last July, with almost 90 per cent women and children. 
It has become Africa’s largest refugee country, seeing more than 1.5 million people flee their homes since the conflict erupted in South Sudan in December 2013. 
A report by the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan found that “ethnic cleaning is underway” in South Sudan amid a huge increase in human rights violations and abuses since a fresh wave of violence started in July.
A government redrawing of state borders has depopulated ethnic Shilluk and Nuer inhabitants of the Upper Nile region, with one incident seeing around 2,000 mostly Dinka people transported to Wau Shilluk town after fighting caused its residents to flee.
The UN has warned that the “indicators of genocide are in place”, with the conflict acting as a smoke-screen for abuses, mainly committed by the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and government security forces, but also by the  SPLA Movement in Opposition (SPLM-IO).
The commission found that a “scorched earth policy” was exacerbating the famine by preventing humanitarian access by the UN and humanitarian agencies, while sexual violence on an industrial scale has become entrenched amid a culture of impunity.
Yasmin Sooka, chair of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan, called for investigations to immediately start documenting atrocities to allow future prosecutions.
“The famine is entirely manmade,” she told The Independent. “The escalating conflict in the country, lack of humanitarian access and increased displacement of people is a direct root cause of famine. What we’re seeing is catastrophic.”
Ms Sooka said that as well as funding, UN agencies need the government to provide access, and to reverse a hike in work permit fees of 100-fold for foreign aid workers to $10,000 (£8,200).
“That’s crazy because these are the people who are meant to assist you but you’re making it very difficult for them to do their work,” she added.
“Unless you have an end to the conflict and a genuine commitment to a political process that brings all of the parties together, you’re not going to see the end of the tunnel in South Sudan.
“The reasons these violations continue is because everybody knows they can get away with it, and until you set up an accountability mechanism to deal with the perpetrators there’s not going to be a change.”
The Disasters Emergency Committee is launching an emergency appeal to help 16 millions people facing malnutrition and starvation in East Africa, with the British Government matching the first £5 million donations pound for pound.
Priti Patel, the International Development Secretary, said UK aid was already funding food, water and emergency healthcare but more support is urgently needed to prevent a “catastrophe”. 
“The international community must now follow global Britain’s lead to save lives and stop the famine before it becomes a stain on our collective conscience,” she added. “The world cannot afford to wait.”

 

• South Sudan