Source: The Conversation Africa 

In 2019, Zimbabwean comedy made international news when comedian Samantha Kureya, known on stage as Gonyeti, was abducted and tortured by masked gunmen.

She is one of many comedians in Zimbabwe who have faced violent repercussions for their comedy. Interviewing 23 stand-up comedians in Zimbabwe in 2018 and 2019, I was made aware of how several comedians had been intimidated, harassed or arrested because they joked about the "wrong" political party, policy or decision.

Samm Farai Monro, aka Comrade Fatso, points out how artists in the nation joke:

You have freedom of expression but not freedom after expression.

This highlights the potency of Zimbabwean comedy. After all, as I argued recently, stand-up comedy has become one of the few spaces in the repressive Zimbabwean environment where people speak out in front of a crowd. The possibilities that emerge from this are evident when female comedians resist patriarchal power relations through stand-up.

Being a female stand-up in Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe the public sphere is regulated through gender norms that tend to delegitimise female actors when they try to make a claim at political power.

Zimbabwean academic Gibson Ncube highlights this in a paper that points out that female politicians have often been described either negatively as "whores" or "witches" when attempting to claim power, or postively as "mothers" when taking a more submissive role. This kind of reproduction of sexism through language in the Zimbabwean public space can also be seen in stand-up comedy.

During my research, where I interviewed comedians, observed shows and talked to audiences, I identified only six active female stand-ups in Zimbabwe - highlighting that sexism affects women's decision to engage in the art.

One female comedian explained that audiences will not become as attached to women stand-ups because they expect them to eventually settle down, get married, have children and stop performing. Another Zimbabwean stand-up, Munyaradzi Guramatunhu, put it eloquently in a recent interview:

I do not think that the reason we are not in the industry in great numbers is because we lack the confidence. It is because we do not get afforded the same grace to just be viewed as humans as the men are.

This sexism also affects the choices Munya - as she is known on stage - makes about her performance before a show. Talking with me in 2018, she pointed out the added scrutiny that female stand-up comedians face, while their male counterparts can wear a suit or be casually dressed:

If you're in heels everybody is judging how you are walking, if you are in heels and a skirt everybody is like, 'Ohh and then we could see up her skirt, and she was dressed so appallingly.' And then if you are dressed too casually: 'No wonder she is a stand-up comedian, she doesn't take herself seriously' ... Like it's, just, a lot - because now this is also one of the few times you are on stage as yourself.

Yet my research shows that once on stage, the women who do choose to perform stand-up in Zimbabwe feel empowered to speak out in ways that can interrupt and resist sexism.

Empowered to talk about sex

Both male and female stand-up comedians highlighted that they felt empowered to say things on stage that they normally wouldn't. Sharon Chideu, aka Magi, captures this empowerment in sex-talk. She told me how women are silenced in daily life:

Okay, traditionally, culturally ... you are just there to make babies, you are just there to be a wife, and you don't enjoy sex ... And one-night stands, don't cheat. That's for guys.

Later in our interview she describes how these power relations are blurred on stage:

When you (are) talking about how (you) had sex, and you can sense the reaction, like: 'Wow, she is talking about that?' ... 'What!? She is going there?' and then they laugh.

While the stand-up comedy stage is not unaffected by gender norms, the power relations during a set favour the comedian. They have more power to choose what will be talked about and what the interaction will look like. Do they ask the audience questions? Do they respond to hecklers; if so, how? Above all, through the use of the microphone, they are able to overpower any one single audience member's voice without shouting.

Feeling a sense of empowerment onstage, female stand-up comedians are emboldened to address topics, such as sex, that society might normally deem inappropriate. Emboldened female stand-up comedians sit uncomfortably within a Zimbabwean society which often casts women as submissive.

How to disrupt the patriarchy

One of Chideu's 2018 sets illustrates how empowered female comedians can resist patriarchal power relations. She draws on common conceptions of how women should or should not act in Zimbabwean society, neatly reframing them.

For example, Chideu jokes that her child was "ugly" at birth because it looked just like her mother-in-law, quickly adding that the child has grown to become cute. This joke plays with the idea that women should be nurturing and caring by showing, even if only for a moment, an instance where Chideu is not that. She is not always one thing, or another; she is a person who can be more.

Taking charge of her sexuality, Chideu jokes about the difficulties of being a single mother and also wanting to have sex. She explains to the audience that she is looking for a casual relationship, what she calls a "situationship". This type of joke where a woman talks about wanting sex is disruptive in a Zimbabwean society that draws on female sexuality to delegitimise women as actors. 

On stage Chideu puts on display a version of her own life: she is a mother, an artist, sometimes caring, sometimes not, someone with sexual needs and desires who acts upon them because she wants to, not because she is forced to.

Emboldened, she unsettles narrative attempts to suppress her agency by affording herself, in Munya Guramatunhu's words, "the same grace to just be viewed as humans as the men are".

Stand-up comedy and female emancipation

Through stand-up comedy, women in Zimbabwe can resist patriarchal power relations. Although there are still far fewer female stand-ups in the country, the field keeps on growing and female comedians keep gaining more recognition.

Indeed, Kureya - who was abducted and tortured and who has performed both skit and stand-up comedy - was the first woman to be nominated for an Outstanding Comedian award at the Zimbabwean National Arts Merit Award in 2017. She was nominated again in 2018 and followed, in 2019, by another female comedian, Chideu.

To better understand women's emancipation in countries like Zimbabwe, it's useful to look beyond the so-called "serious" practices of institutional politics - to that which is often deemed "unserious": live stand-up comedy.

 

Research conducted by Amanda Källstig, Doctoral researcher, University of Manchester

• Zimbabwe
• women's rights,