Human Rights of Women
International leaders are convening at United Nations Headquarters, New York, to discuss the critical issue of migration and human mobility, a megatrend that is reshaping the global landscape.
An estimated one billion people around the world are migrants – one in every seven people.
But as policymakers scramble to understand how these mass movements affect societies, economies, security and sustainability, the needs of women and girls are falling through the cracks.
Below are five reasons migration is a serious concern for women and girls.
1. Almost half of all migrants are women and girls. And women are increasingly migrating alone or as heads of their households.
Some 250 million people are international migrants – people who leave their home countries for opportunity or safety. Of these, nearly half are women and girls.
Some of this movement is driven by conflict. Today, a record-high number of people have been forcibly displaced from their homes. It is estimated that about half of all refugees are female.
Women and girls are also a significant proportion of economic migrants. They are the vast majority of all migrant domestic workers, for example.
And women are increasingly migrating on their own, or as the heads of their households. This trend represents a key opportunity for their economic independence and empowerment.
2. Female migrants face major risks, including sexual exploitation, trafficking and violence.
All migrants are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation, but female migrants are particularly at risk. Women and girls account for 71 per cent of all human trafficking victims, according to a 2016 report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Women and girls also face additional vulnerabilities when they are displaced by conflict or natural disaster.
Chaos and the breakdown of protection systems mean perpetrators can abuse with impunity. Lack of shelter, overcrowding in camps and poorly lit public toilets all increase the risk of gender-based violence, including sexual violence.
Families under extreme hardship may also adopt coping mechanisms that jeopardize women’s and girls’ welfare. A UNFPA-supported study, for instance, found alarming rates of child marriage among some vulnerable Syrian refugee populations.
When abuses occur, many migrant women and girls lack the resources, support systems and knowledge to seek help.
3. Women migrants face double discrimination – as women and as migrants.
Racism and xenophobia are serious concerns wherever large-scale migration takes place, and anti-immigrant sentiment is on the rise in many countries. Negative depictions of migrants and refugees appear often in the media, for instance, while the benefits migrants bring – such as their economic contributions – rarely make the news.
Women and girls can suffer doubly from these attitudes, experiencing not only discrimination based on their migrant status but also based on based on their gender.
This can take the form of discrimination and harassment – including sexual harassment – in the workplace, while seeking housing, while using public transportation, and while accessing education and health services.
4. Women do not stop getting pregnant when they are on the move.
Significant numbers of female migrants are likely to be pregnant or to become pregnant. While travelling – or in the chaos of displacement – women may lose access to sexual and reproductive health care, including family planning, antenatal services and safe childbirth care.
Lack of these services can be deadly. In fact, it is considered one of the leading causes of death, disease and disability among displaced women and girls of childbearing age. Even so, migration may be a pregnant woman’s best option in a crisis setting, especially if insecurity or collapsing health systems threaten her life at home.
UNFPA works with governments and other partners to uphold migrants’ right to access sexual and reproductive health care, including deploying mobile health clinics to displacement camps and refugee communities. But much more must be done to increase access to these services.
5. Women and girl migrants are more likely to face health problems – both in transit and at their destinations.
Even after female migrants reach their intended destinations, they continue to face barriers to health care, especially sexual and reproductive health services. Foreign-born migrants can face significantly higher risks of maternal injury and death than native-born women, for example, and higher risks of HIV infection, trauma and violence.
A majority of international migrants end up in cities, which can pose barriers to sexual and reproductive health care – including cost, overcrowding, transport challenges and insecure housing.
Yet evidence shows that there are major returns on investing in the health of migrant populations, particularly reproductive health care, such as family planning and prenatal care.